Pro‐ versus Anti‐inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Patients with Severe Sepsis: A Marker for Prognosis and Future Therapeutic Options

TLDR

The study measured serum levels of pro‑ and anti‑inflammatory cytokines (TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑10, IL‑1ra, sTNFR) in 65 severe sepsis patients and followed them clinically and microbiologically for outcomes. Elevated pro‑ and anti‑inflammatory cytokines were observed, with high IL‑10, TNF‑α, and an elevated IL‑10/TNF‑α ratio predicting mortality, while increased TNF‑α, IL‑6, IL‑1ra, and sTNFR were linked to early hemodynamic deterioration, indicating that sustained IL‑10 overproduction is the primary predictor of severity and death.

Abstract

Serum concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1ra) and soluble TNF receptors (sTNFRs) were measured in 65 patients with severe sepsis. All patients were evaluated clinically and microbiologically and were followed up for clinical outcome. Levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in patients with sepsis. Elevated serum IL-10 and TNF-alpha levels and a high IL-10 to TNF-alpha ratio were associated with death, whereas higher levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1ra, and sTNFR were detected in patients with an early hemodynamic deterioration. Interleukin-10 and IL-10:TNF-alpha ratio remained higher in nonsurvivors, whereas IL-10 paralleled the sepsis score. Although both the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory response is profoundly augmented in patients with severe sepsis, the sustained overproduction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is the main predictor of severity and fatal outcome.