A Causal Analysis of Observed Declines in Managed Honey Bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>)

Abstract

mites plus viruses were judged to be a "probable cause" of the reduced survival, while nutrient deficiency was judged to be a "possible cause." Neonicotinoid pesticides were judged to be "unlikely" as the sole cause of this reduced survival, although they could possibly be a contributing factor.