C<scp>ompu</scp>C<scp>ell</scp>, a multi-model framework for simulation of morphogenesis

TLDR

CompuCell is a multi‑model software framework for simulating multicellular morphogenesis. CompuCell couples a state automaton, stochastic local rules, subcellular ODEs, extracellular PDEs, and a cellular Potts model to simulate gene regulation, cell differentiation, adhesion, chemotaxis, and pattern formation in a flexible morphogenesis environment. Using CompuCell, the authors simulated avian limb bud skeletal architecture, and the software is freely available for download.

Abstract

Abstract Motivation: CompuCell is a multi-model software framework for simulation of the development of multicellular organisms known as morphogenesis. It models the interaction of the gene regulatory network with generic cellular mechanisms, such as cell adhesion, division, haptotaxis and chemotaxis. A combination of a state automaton with stochastic local rules and a set of differential equations, including subcellular ordinary differential equations and extracellular reaction–diffusion partial differential equations, model gene regulation. This automaton in turn controls the differentiation of the cells, and cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions that give rise to cell rearrangements and pattern formation, e.g. mesenchymal condensation. The cellular Potts model, a stochastic model that accurately reproduces cell movement and rearrangement, models cell dynamics. All these models couple in a controllable way, resulting in a powerful and flexible computational environment for morphogenesis, which allows for simultaneous incorporation of growth and spatial patterning. Results: We use CompuCell to simulate the formation of the skeletal architecture in the avian limb bud. Availability: Binaries and source code for Microsoft Windows, Linux and Solaris are available for download from http://sourceforge.net/projects/compucell/