An overview of intrinsic torque and momentum transport bifurcations in toroidal plasmas

Abstract

An overview of the physics of intrinsic torque is presented, with special emphasis on the phenomenology of intrinsic toroidal rotation in tokamaks, its theoretical understanding, and the variety of momentum transport bifurcation dynamics.Ohmic reversals and ECH-driven counter torque are discussed in some detail.Symmetry breaking by LSN vs. USN asymmetry is related to the origin of intrinsic torque at the separatrix.