Low‐dose bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: the suitability and impact of adding intrathecal fentanyl

Abstract

This study demonstrated, for the first time, that intrathecal low-dose bupivacaine and fentanyl offers a reliable neuraxial block for patients subjected to percutaneous nephrolithotomy, with stable haemodynamics, good post-operative analgesia and acceptable patient and endoscopist satisfaction.