Sulfur isotopes in sediment-hosted orogenic gold deposits: Evidence for an early timing and a seawater sulfur source

Abstract

We report sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfi des of various paragenetic stages in the giant Sukhoi Log sediment-hosted orogenic Au deposit in Russia. The overall mean value and the signifi cant variability in early pyrite indicate that the sulfur was from the reduction of seawater sulfate. The later generations of sulfi de have 34 S values in successively smaller ranges, coincident with the mode that is around the median value of the whole data set. Together with textural evidence, sulfi de trace element data, and gold occurrence, the data demonstrate that metamorphism has gradually homogenized the early sulfur, accompanied by the segregation of quartz and the release of Au from the lattice of early pyrite and its reprecipitation as inclusions in later pyrite. The S isotopic compositions of sulfi des in Sukhoi Log, and many other major orogenic Au deposits hosted in sedimentary rocks of various ages, show a pattern generally parallel to the seawater sulfate curve through geologic time, indicating that the sulfur in most sediment-hosted orogenic Au deposits was probably also originally from the reduction of seawater sulfate. We conclude that sulfi dation and gold mineralization in many sediment-hosted orogenic gold deposits was early during basin evolution when seawater was the principal active fl uid, rather than later, during or after basin inversion, as proposed in current models.