Patterns of nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios in macrofungi, plants and soils in two old‐growth conifer forests

Abstract

• To further assess the usefulness of stable isotope ratios for understanding elemental cycling and fungal ecology, we measured δ¹⁵ N and δ¹³ C in ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic macrofungi, plants, woody debris and soils from two old-growth conifer forests in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA. • Ecosystem isotope patterns were similar at the two forests, but differences existed that appear to reflect soil nitrogen availability and C allocation within the ectomycorrhizal symbioses. δ¹⁵ N and δ¹³ C of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi differed in both forests, and a dual δ¹⁵ N/δ¹³ C plot provided the best means of distinguishing them. Within both groups, δ¹⁵ N and δ¹³ C differed among genera and species, and the difference in species composition was an important determinant of the different overall δ¹⁵ N of the ectomycorrhizal fungi at the two forests. • Variation in multiple ecophysiological traits such as organic N use, mycelial morphology and transfer of N to phytobionts appears to underlie the variation in the isotope signatures of ectomycorrhizal fungi. • The varied isotope signatures of ectomycorrhizal fungi suggest considerable functional diversity among them. Life-history strategies could provide a framework for interpreting these patterns.