Two Centuries of Glass Research: Historical Trends, Current Status, and Grand Challenges for the Future

TLDR

Glass science and technology spans two centuries, with oxide, metallic, amorphous carbon, and silicon glasses receiving the most research attention. The study analyzes the number of research papers and patents on glassy and amorphous materials in the literature. The authors examine publication data by properties studied, author keywords, affiliations, and primary characterization techniques. Publication rates have risen exponentially since 1945, China has become the dominant recent contributor while other historically prolific countries decline, industrial laboratory research has fallen, yet worldwide patent issuance now exceeds scientific articles, indicating high technological activity.

Abstract

The field of glass science and technology has a remarkable history spanning about two centuries of research. In this article, we analyze the number of research papers and patents related to glassy and amorphous materials in the published literature. The publication rate has increased roughly exponentially since 1945. Within the most recent decade, China has become the clear dominant player in the global glass research community, while the publication rate has declined in many of the historically most prolific countries. Oxide glasses, metallic glasses, amorphous carbon, and amorphous silicon have drawn the most research attention overall and are still given the greatest focus today. Publication data are also analyzed in terms of the properties under study, author keywords, affiliation, and primary characterization techniques. We find that the level of published (fundamental) glass research from industrial laboratories has dropped significantly, despite the opportunities for new breakthroughs to solve some of the most challenging problems facing the world today. But, surprisingly, the number of patents issued worldwide has surpassed the number of published scientific articles, indicating a very high level of activity in technological research.