Physician Empathy: Definition, Components, Measurement, and Relationship to Gender and Specialty

TLDR

Empirical research on physician empathy is scarce, despite its importance in patient‑physician relationships and clinical outcomes. This study aimed to delineate physician empathy’s components, assess its measurement properties, and examine group differences in empathy scores. Using a revised 20‑item Jefferson Scale mailed to 1,007 Jefferson Health physicians (704 responded), the authors evaluated construct validity, reliability, and gender/specialty differences in empathy scores. Three factors—perspective taking, compassionate care, and standing in the patient’s shoes—supported the scale’s construct validity and internal consistency, with scores remaining stable over time, women scored marginally higher than men, psychiatrists scored significantly higher than many other specialties, and no differences emerged among psychiatry, internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency medicine, and family medicine, underscoring.

Abstract

There is a dearth of empirical research on physician empathy despite its mediating role in patient-physician relationships and clinical outcomes. This study was designed to investigate the components of physician empathy, its measurement properties, and group differences in empathy scores.A revised version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (with 20 Likert-type items) was mailed to 1,007 physicians affiliated with the Jefferson Health System in the greater Philadelphia region; 704 (70%) responded. Construct validity, reliability of the empathy scale, and the differences on mean empathy scores by physicians' gender and specialty were examined.Three meaningful factors emerged (perspective taking, compassionate care, and standing in the patient's shoes) to provide support for the construct validity of the empathy scale that was also found to be internally consistent with relatively stable scores over time. Women scored higher than men to a degree that was nearly significant. With control for gender, psychiatrists scored a mean empathy rating that was significantly higher than that of physicians specializing in anesthesiology, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, radiology, cardiovascular surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and general surgery. No significant difference was observed on empathy scores among physicians specializing in psychiatry, internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency medicine, and family medicine.Empathy is a multidimensional concept that varies among physicians and can be measured with a psychometrically sound tool. Implications for specialty selection and career counseling are discussed.