Occurrence, risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in surface sediments from Khanpur Lake, Pakistan

Abstract

Background: The present study was carried out to assess the seasonal variations, source apportionment, and risk assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in the surface sediments from the Khanpur Lake, Pakistan. Methods: Composite samples are collected and processed to measure the concentrations of heavy metals in Ca(NO 3 ) 2 extract and acid extract of the sediments using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.