Enzyme Immobilization: The Quest for Optimum Performance

Abstract Immobilization is often the key to optimizing the operational performance of an enzyme in industrial processes, particularly for use in non‐aqueous media. Different methods for the immobilization of enzymes are critically reviewed. The methods are divided into three main categories, viz. (i) binding to a prefabricated support (carrier), (ii) entrapment in organic or inorganic polymer matrices, and (iii) cross‐linking of enzyme molecules. Emphasis is placed on relatively recent developments, such as the use of novel supports, e.g., mesoporous silicas, hydrogels, and smart polymers, novel entrapment methods and cross‐linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs).