A frameless stereotaxic integration of computerized tomographic imaging and the operating microscope

TLDR

A frameless stereotaxic system uses ultrasonic range‑finding with spark gaps and microphones to locate the microscope relative to CT‑imaged scalp fiducials, reformat the CT data into the microscope’s coordinate system, and project the aligned images onto the microscope optics via a miniature CRT and beam splitter. The surgeon can view tumor boundaries and other CT structures superimposed on the surgical field with accurate position, orientation, and scale.

Abstract

✓ A computer-based system has been developed for the integration and display of computerized tomography (CT) image data in the operating microscope in the correct perspective without requiring a stereotaxic frame. Spatial registration of the CT image data is accomplished by determination of the position of the operating microscope as its focal point is brought to each of three CT-imaged fiducial markers on the scalp. Monitoring of subsequent microscope positions allows appropriate reformatting of CT data into a common coordinate system. The position of the freely moveable microscope is determined by a non-imaging ultrasonic range-finder consisting of three spark gaps attached to the microscope and three microphones on a rigid support in the operating room. Measurement of the acoustic impulse transit times from the spark gaps to the microphones enables calculation of those distances and unique determination of the microscope position. The CT data are reformatted into a plane and orientation corresponding to the microscope's focal plane or to a deeper parallel plane if required. This reformatted information is then projected into the optics of the operating microscope using a miniature cathode ray tube and a beam splitter. The operating surgeon sees the CT information (such as a tumor boundary) superimposed upon the operating field in proper position, orientation, and scale.