Design and implementation of second‐order microwave integrators

Abstract

Abstract In this letter, we propose the second‐order integrators in the Z domain; the second‐order integrators are obtained by interpolating the traditional Simpson's‐ and trapezoidal‐rule integrators. This formulation, in conjunction with the representations of transmission‐line elements in the Z domain, leads to the transmission‐line configuration that is eligible for a microwave integrator. We implement second‐order integrators in the microstrip format that has an operating frequency up to 8.5 GHz. The frequency responses of the second‐order integrators were measured to validate this new formulation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26210