Supporting the Employment of Mothers: Policy Variation Across Fourteen Welfare States

TLDR

The study differentiates maternal employment policies from general family policies to reveal dramatic cross‑national differences in policy provisions. The authors compare 14 OECD countries on parental leave, child care, and school scheduling, then standardize, weight, and sum 18 policy indicators into indices. The indices show that only five of 14 OECD countries offer comprehensive benefits for mothers with preschool children, that cross‑national policy clusters only partially align with welfare‑state typologies, and that the measures improve assessment of public support for maternal employment while highlighting differences between cash transfers and employment support.

Abstract

This article compares 14 OECD countries, as of the middle-to-late 1980s, with respect to their provision of policies that support moth ers' employment: parental leave, child care, and the scheduling of public education. Newly gathered data on 18 policy indicators are pre sented. The indicators are then standardized, weighted, and summed into indices. By differ entiating policies that affect maternal employ ment from family policies more generally, these indices reveal dramatic cross-national differences in policy provisions. The empirical results reveal loose clusters of countries that correspond only partially to prevailing welfare-state typologies. For mothers with preschool-aged children, only five of the 14 countries provided reasonably complete and continuous benefits that sup ported their options for combining paid work with family responsibilities. The pattern of cross-national policy variation changed no tably when policies affecting mothers with older children were examined. The indices provide an improved measure of public support for maternal employment. They are also useful for contrasting family benefits that are provided through direct cash transfers with those that take the form of sup port for mothers' employment. Finally, these policy findings contribute to the body of schol arship that seeks to integrate gender issues more explicitly into research on welfare-state regimes.