Psychophysiology · 1982 · 837 citations · 19 references
Social SciencesNeurosciencePsychologyAffective NeuroscienceBiological PsychologyPsychophysiologyEmotion PerceptionEmotion ProcessingEmotional ExpressionFacial ExpressionFacial PerceptionSocial PsychophysiologyAffective Facial ExpressionsElectrodermal ResponsesElectrophysiological RecordingsEmotionsFacial ElectromyographyFacial Expression AnalysisHeart RateSkin Conductance Measurement
Facial muscle activity patterns correlate with distinct emotional states. Participants viewed happy and angry faces while EMG, heart rate, and skin conductance were recorded. Happy faces increased zygomatic EMG, angry faces increased corrugator EMG, and both caused heart‑rate deceleration and similar skin‑conductance responses, indicating EMG can differentiate positive from negative emotional stimuli.
ABSTRACT Previous research has demonstrated that different patterns of facial muscle activity are correlated with different emotional states. In the present study subjects were exposed to pictures of happy and angry facial expressions, in response to which their facial electromyographic (EMG) activities, heart rate (HR), and palmar skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded. It was found that happy and angry faces evoked different facial EMG response patterns, with increased zygomatic region activity to happy stimuli and increased corrugator region activity to angry stimuli. Furthermore, both happy and angry faces evoked HR decelerations and similar SCR magnitudes. The results are interpreted as suggesting that facial EMG recordings provide a method for distinguishing between response patterns to “positive” and “negative” emotional visual stimuli.
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Perception and the conditioned reflex
G. W. Granger · Behaviour Research and Therapy · 1964 · 2.2K citations
Paul Ekman, Harriet Oster · Annual Review of Psychology · 1979 · 1.2K citations