True health vs response styles: exploring cross‐country differences in self‐reported health

TLDR

The study decomposes cross‑national differences in self‑reported general health into true health and response‑style effects. Using SHARE 2004 data from 22,731 adults aged 50+ across 10 European countries, the authors compare counterfactual self‑reports assuming uniform response styles to assess the impact of cultural response differences. Self‑rated health varies widely across countries; Scandinavian respondents over‑rate, Southern Europeans under‑rate, and adjusting for response styles reduces but does not eliminate cross‑country variation, warning that ignoring style differences can mislead. © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract

Abstract The aim of this paper is to decompose cross‐national differences in self‐reported general health into parts explained by differences in ‘true’ health, measured by diagnosed conditions and measurements, and parts explained by cross‐cultural differences in response styles. The data used were drawn from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe 2004 (SHARE), using information from 22 731 individuals aged 50 and over from 10 European countries. Self‐rated general health shows large cross‐country variations. According to their self‐reports, the healthiest respondents live in the Scandinavian countries and the least healthy live in Southern Europe. Counterfactual self‐reported health distributions that assume identical response styles in each country show much less variation in self‐reports than factual self‐reports. Danish and Swedish respondents tend to largely over‐rate their health (relative to the average) whereas Germans tend to under‐rate their health. If differences in reporting styles are taken into account, cross‐country variations in general health are reduced but not eliminated. Failing to account for differences in reporting styles may yield misleading results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.