Calcium Sulfate as a Possible Oxidant in “Green” Silicon‐based Pyrotechnic Time Delay Compositions

Abstract

Abstract Chemical time delay detonators are used to control blasting operations in mines and quarries. Slow burning SiBaSO 4 pyrotechnic delay compositions are employed for long time delays. However, soluble barium compounds may pose environmental and health risks. Hence inexpensive anhydrous calcium sulfate was investigated as an alternative “green” oxidant. EKVI simulations indicated that stoichiometry corresponds to a composition that contains less than 30 wt‐% Si. However combustion was only supported in the range of 30–70 wt‐% Si. In this range the bomb calorimeter data and burn tests indicate that the reaction rate and energy output decrease with increasing silicon content. The measured burning rates in rigid aluminum elements ranged from 6.9 to 12.5 mm s −1 . The reaction product was a complex mixture that contained crystalline phases in addition to an amorphous calcium containing silicate phase. A reaction mechanism consistent with these observations is proposed.