Isoform-specific regulation of mood behavior and pancreatic β cell and cardiovascular function by L-type Ca2+ channels

Abstract

Ca(v)1.2 and Ca(v)1.3 L-type Ca(2+) channels (LTCCs) are believed to underlie Ca(2+) currents in brain, pancreatic beta cells, and the cardiovascular system. In the CNS, neuronal LTCCs control excitation-transcription coupling and neuronal plasticity. However, the pharmacotherapeutic implications of CNS LTCC modulation are difficult to study because LTCC modulators cause cardiovascular (activators and blockers) and neurotoxic (activators) effects. We selectively eliminated high dihydropyridine (DHP) sensitivity from Ca(v)1.2 alpha 1 subunits (Ca(v)1.2DHP-/-) without affecting function and expression. This allowed separation of the DHP effects of Ca(v)1.2 from those of Ca(v)1.3 and other LTCCs. DHP effects on pancreatic beta cell LTCC currents, insulin secretion, cardiac inotropy, and arterial smooth muscle contractility were lost in Ca(v)1.2DHP-/- mice, which rules out a direct role of Ca(v)1.3 for these physiological processes. Using Ca(v)1.2DHP-/- mice, we established DHPs as mood-modifying agents: LTCC activator-induced neurotoxicity was abolished and disclosed a depression-like behavioral effect without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity. LTCC activator BayK 8644 (BayK) activated only a specific set of brain areas. In the ventral striatum, BayK-induced release of glutamate and 5-HT, but not dopamine and noradrenaline, was abolished. This animal model provides a useful tool to elucidate whether Ca(v)1.3-selective channel modulation represents a novel pharmacological approach to modify CNS function without major peripheral effects.