Scientific Reports · 2014 · 553 citations · 18 references
ArchitectureMaterials EngineeringMaterials ScienceAdditive ManufacturingGenerative DesignPattern Formation3D PrintingComputational FabricationDeformation MechanismsDesign For Additive ManufacturingPlastic DeformationShape DeformationActive MaterialsDeformationGlobal DeformationMaterial Behavior ModelingMaterial Self-assemblyPlastic Deformation SimulationSelf-forming StructuresSelf-organized Structures
We propose a new design of complex self-evolving structures that vary over time due to environmental interaction. In conventional 3D printing systems, materials are meant to be stable rather than active and fabricated models are designed and printed as static objects. Here, we introduce a novel approach for simulating and fabricating self-evolving structures that transform into a predetermined shape, changing property and function after fabrication. The new locally coordinated bending primitives combine into a single system, allowing for a global deformation which can stretch, fold and bend given environmental stimulus.
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Omnidirectional Printing of Flexible, Stretchable, and Spanning Silver Microelectrodes
Bok Yeop Ahn, Eric B. Duoss, Michael J. Motala et al. · Science · 2009 · 1.2K citations
4D Printing: Multi‐Material Shape Change
Skylar Tibbits · Architectural Design · 2014 · 1.1K citations
Active materials by four-dimension printing
Qi Ge, H. Jerry Qi, Martin L. Dunn · Applied Physics Letters · 2013 · 753 citations
Programmable matter by folding
Elliot W. Hawkes, Byoungkwon An, Nadia M. Benbernou et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 2010 · 659 citations · Full text