Low-frequency ambient sound in the North Pacific: Long time series observations

TLDR

Ambient sound statistics for the North Pacific were derived from two years of data collected at 13 widely distributed receivers. Data were collected as 1‑Hz band spectra from 1–500 Hz, averaged over 170 s and sampled every 5 min. Ambient sound levels exceed the median by 3–6 dB in open‑ocean arrays and 7–15 dB in coastal arrays, with a strong annual cycle in the 15–22 Hz band linked to whale migrations; whales were detected 43 % of the time, ships 55 % of the time, and sound levels in the 200–400 Hz band correlated with wind speed (0.56–0.79) and with the 12–15 Hz band (0.5).

Abstract

Long-term statistics of ambient sound in an ocean basin have been derived from 2 years of data collected on 13 widely distributed receivers in the North Pacific. The data consist of single hydrophone spectra (1–500 Hz in 1-Hz bands) averaged over 170 s and recorded at 5-min intervals. Cumulative probability distributions of the ambient sound level show that for the open-ocean arrays at 75 Hz, sound levels are 3 dB higher than the median level 10% of the time and 6 dB higher 1% of the time. For the coastal arrays, sound levels are 7 dB higher than the median level 10% of the time and 15 dB higher 1% of the time. The clearest feature in many of the spectrograms is a strong annual cycle in the 15–22 Hz band with peak signal levels up to 25 dB above the sound floor; this cycle is attributed to the presence and migration of blue and fin whales. On average, whales are detected 43% of the time. Ships are heard 31%–85% of the time on the coastal receivers and 19%–87% of the time on the open-ocean receivers, depending on the receiver. On average, ships are detected 55% of the time. The correlation coefficient between the sound level in the 200–400 Hz band and wind speed, determined from satellite and global meteorological analysis, is on average 0.56 for the coastal receivers and 0.79 for the open-ocean receivers. For some receivers, the sound level in the 12–15 Hz band is correlated with the sound level in the 200–400 Hz band, with a correlation coefficient of 0.5.