Age and sex biases in the preservation of human skeletal remains

TLDR

Biases in skeletal preservation introduce major errors in paleodemographic reconstructions, yet their magnitude remains poorly understood. The study aimed to examine age and sex differences in skeletal preservation at Mission La Purisima and Ca‑Ven‑110. The authors compared skeletal remains with burial records to assess preservation biases. The analysis shows that preservation biases are substantial, with young adult skeletons disproportionately preserved relative to infants and elderly, while sex ratios are comparable, indicating age biases outweigh sex biases and that young adults are better preserved than children or elderly.

Abstract

Abstract Inaccuracies introduced through biases in preservation are a major source of error in paleodemographic reconstructions. Although it is generally assumed that such biases exist, little is known about their magnitude. To investigate this problem, we studied age and sex differences in the preservation of skeletal remains from Mission La Purisima and a prehistoric cemetery (Ca‐Ven‐110). Comparison of mortality profiles obtained through analysis of skeletal remains and burial records from the mission indicates that biases in preservation can be very significant in poorly preserved skeletal collections. The Purisima burial records show that most of the people interred in the cemetery were either infants or elderly adults. The skeletal remains, in contrast, are predominantly those of young adults. The burial records and skeletal collection produced comparable sex ratios. These results show that age biases in preservation are much more important than sex biases. This conclusion is supported by data on the completeness of the skeletons from La Purisima and Ca‐Ven‐110. At both sites, the remains of young adults were better preserved than those of children or elderly adults, and the completeness of male and female skeletons was comparable.