Ultrastructural Responses of the LichenBryoria fuscescensto Simulated Acid Rain and Heavy Metal Deposition

Abstract

Effects of simulated acid rain and heavy metal deposition on the ultrastructure of the lichen Bryoria fuscescens (Gyeln.) Brodo and Hawksw. were examined in a field study conducted in northern Finland. Lichens were exposed to simulated rain containing two levels of a mixture of copper (Cu# + ) and nickel (Ni# + ) ions alone or in combination with acid rain (H # SO %