A Multiple Motives Approach to Tobacco Dependence: The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68).

TLDR

The dependence construct plays a key role in explaining smoking behavior and relapse, yet existing measures are either atheoretical or rely on a single‑dimension model of physical dependence. The study aims to develop a multidimensional dependence measure grounded in theoretically derived motives for drug use to capture underlying mechanisms. The authors constructed the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM‑68), comprising 13 theoretically derived subscales to assess distinct motives for smoking. In a sample of 775 smokers, all 13 WISDM‑68 subscales showed acceptable reliability, varied with smoking heaviness, displayed a multidimensional structure, and were significantly associated with dependence criteria and DSM‑IV symptoms of dependence and relapse.

Abstract

The dependence construct fills an important explanatory role in motivational accounts of smoking and relapse. Frequently used measures of dependence are either atheoretical or grounded in a unidimensional model of physical dependence. This research creates a multidimensional measure of dependence that is based on theoretically grounded motives for drug use and is intended to reflect mechanisms underlying dependence. Data collected from a large sample of smokers (N = 775) indicated that all 13 subscales of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68) have acceptable internal consistency, are differentially present across levels of smoking heaviness, and have a multidimensional structure. Validity analyses indicated the WISDM-68 subscales are significantly related to dependence criteria such as smoking heaviness and to 4th edition Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders symptoms of dependence and relapse.