Carotenoids of butterfly models and their mimics (Lep: Papilionidae and Nymphalidae)

Abstract

Carotenoid concentration in model swallowtail butterflies is exceptionally high; it is suggested that they may exert a photo-protective function in species storing nitrophenanthrenes. Carotenoid concentration in the viceroy is also high. Again, it is suggested that this represents a protective mechanism for Lepidoptera feeding on Salix which contains salicin. Such a mechanism would not be required by the monarch storing cardenolides.