Indoxyl Sulfate Stimulates Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Inducing Oxidative Stress Through Activation of the NADPH Oxidase-Nuclear Factor-.KAPPA.B Pathway

Abstract

These findings raise the possibility that IS plays an important pathophysiological role in the development of CVD in individuals with CKD.