Exogenous Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase‐1 Promotes Endothelial Cell Survival Through Activation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase/Akt Pathway

Abstract

Control of molecular targets and signaling pathways which improve endothelial cell survival may be an attractive concept for interfering with dysregulated vascular injury and remodeling, a key mechanism for transplant arteriosclerosis and chronic allograft rejection. In addition to inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase activity, it has been suggested by recent studies that the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 may inhibit apoptosis in various cell types. The present work examines the possibility that TIMP-1 belongs to a protective pathway via antiapoptotic properties and investigates the signaling pathway mediated by TIMP-1 in human ECs. We demonstrate that exogenous, recombinant, TIMP-1 efficiently prevents apoptosis induced by TNFalpha in cycloheximide-sensitized ECs. The antiapoptotic effect of TIMP-1 was dose-dependent and a maximal effect of TIMP-1 (30% protection) was reached using 250 ng/mL of recombinant TIMP-1. We present evidence that TIMP-1 induces activation of PI3-kinase but not NFkappaB pathway in ECs. Our findings further indicate that TIMP-1-induced EC survival is mediated through activation of PI3-kinase pathway and the downstream phosphorylation of Akt kinase. Blocking the PI3-kinase pathway with wortmannin or LY294002 restores TNFalpha-mediated EC death. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TIMP-1, generated upon inflammation, acts as an antiapoptotic molecule that can prevent EC apoptosis through activation of the PI3-kinase and phosphorylation of the Akt kinase.