Is CO a Special Ligand in Organometallic Chemistry? Theoretical Investigation of AB, Fe(CO)₄AB, and Fe(AB)₅ (AB = N₂, CO, BF, SiO)

Abstract

Carbon monoxide, CO, is a ubiquitous ligand in organometallic and coordination chemistry. In the present paper we investigate the neutral isoelectronic molecules AB = N 2, CO, BF, and SiO and their coordination in the model complexes Fe(CO) 4 AB and Fe(AB) 5, using nonlocal density functional theory and a large, polarized STO basis set of triple-ζ quality (NL-SCF/TZ(2P)). Our aim is to get more insight into the ligating properties of SiO and BF in comparison to CO and N 2 . The computed 298 K Fe(CO) 4 −AB bond dissociation enthalpies of C 3 v -symmetric Fe(CO) 4 AB are 18.1, 42.3, 67.9, and 35.6 kcal/mol for N 2, CO, BF, and SiO, respectively; the corresponding values for C 2 v -symmetric Fe(CO) 4 AB are comparable: 19.0, 42.3, 66.7, and 39.7 kcal/mol. Good, balanced σ donation (through 5σ) and π acceptance (through 2π) are what makes CO a good donor, of course. The gap between these frontier orbitals (5σ and 2π) becomes even smaller in SiO and BF. The analysis of the bonding mechanism of the Fe−AB bond shows that SiO is a better σ donor but a worse π acceptor ligand than CO and that BF should be superior to CO in terms of both σ donor and π acceptor properties. However, these polar ligands are therefore also more reactive; and more sensitive, e.g. to nucleophilic attack, because of a low-energy 2π LUMO. Our results suggest that BF and SiO should, in principle, be excellent ligands. We also find interesting side-on and O-bound local minima, not very unstable, for SiO bound to an Fe(CO) 4 fragment.