The Relationship between the Interfacial Properties of Surfactants and Their Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms

Abstract

In previous work, the toxicity of several anionic and nonionic surfactants to rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus) was shown to be highly correlated with interfacial activity. In this study, the relationship between interfacial properties of surfactants and their effects on aquatic organisms is extended to include the toxicity of the cationic surfactant class (homologues of alkyl trimethylammonium chloride and alkyl hydroxyethyl dimethylammonium chloride) to green algae (Selenastrum capricornutum) and the bioconcentration of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) isomers and homologues by fish (Pimephales promelas and Ictalurus punctatus). In each case, the interfacial activity is expressed by the physicochemical parameter, ΔG0ad/Amin, where ΔG0ad is the standard free energy of adsorption of the surfactant at the air/solution interface and Amin is the minimum cross sectional area of the surfactant, or the analogous parameter, ΔlsG0ad/lsAmin, at the solid/liquid interface, where the solid is an immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) that mimics a biological cell membrane. The general nature of the relationship between interfacial activity of surfactants and their biological effects in aquatic systems indicates that sorption to biological membranes is a critical parameter for predicting and understanding environmental effects. While specific interactions probably occur once a surfactant has penetrated a membrane bilayer, nonspecific hydrophobic interactions appear to be driving the sorption process.