Spinocerebellar ataxia 3 and machado‐joseph disease: Clinical, molecular, and neuropathological features

TLDR

Spinocerebellar ataxia 3 and Machado‑Joseph disease are caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the MJD1 gene. The study screened 120 families with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type I for the expanded repeat and compared the clinical profiles of 91 SCA3/MJD patients with 51 SCAl and 32 SCA2 patients. Thirty‑four families (126 patients) carried an expanded, unstable CAG repeat that did not overlap with the normal allele, and the repeat length explained 70 % of age‑onset variability and influenced the frequency of cerebellar signs, while differences in clinical and neuropathological features distinguished SCA3/MJD from SCA2 but not from SCAl.

Abstract

Abstract Patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3) and Machado‐Joseph disease (MJD) carry an expanded CAG repeat in the MJDl gene. One hundred twenty families of different geographic origin with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) type I were tested. Thirty‐four families (126 patients) carried an expanded CAG repeat. The expanded and the normal allele did not overlap and the repeat was unstable during transmission, with variation in the size of the CAG length ranging from −8 to +5 and a mean expansion of 0.86 repeats without differences according to the parental sex. There was a combined effect of the number of CAG repeats of the expanded and normal allele on the age at onset, which accounted for 70% of its variability. The length of the CAG repeat influenced the frequency of clinical signs associated with cerebellar ataxia, such as abnormal tendon reflexes or decreased vibration sense, whereas the interindividual variation of supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, sphincter and swallowing difficulties, and amyotrophy was mostly determined by different disease durations. We compared the clinical profile of 91 SCA3/MJD patients with 51 SCAl and 32 SCA2 patients. There were striking differences between the SCA3/MJD and SCA2 but not with SCAl groups of patients. Despite their clinical similarities, distinct neuropathological features were observed in 2 SCA3/MJD and SCAl patients.