Cross Talk Among Smad, MAPK, and Integrin Signaling Pathways Enhances Adventitial Fibroblast Functions Activated by Transforming Growth Factor–β1 and Inhibited by Gax

Abstract

Our findings indicate that cross-talk among Smad, MAPK, and integrin signaling pathways may account mainly for the mechanism of AF functions. Gax is a promising therapeutic gene for dissecting the signaling pathways controlling AF bioactivities.