Investigation of the Cardiac Effects of Pancuronium, Rocuronium, Vecuronium, and Mivacurium on the Isolated Rat Atrium

Abstract

The heart rate effect of pancuronium and developed force effects of pancuronium, vecuronium, rocuronium, and mivacurium may occur via direct stimulation of β receptors. Although our investigation was an in vitro study, the effects found may be important especially under pathologic conditions, such as hypertension, in which patients usually use β-blocking agents, which cause β receptor upregulation.