Remediation of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) Aqueous Solutions Using Supported, Nanoscale Zero-valent Iron

TLDR

Supported zero‑valent iron nanoparticles (Ferragels) are produced by borohydride reduction of an aqueous iron salt on a support, yielding 10–30 nm particles that rapidly adsorb and reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and Pb(II) to Pb(0) while the iron oxidizes to goethite. Ferragels are air‑stable, contain 22.6 % iron by weight, and exhibit complex, adsorption‑phase‑dominated kinetics with about 10 % of iron at active sites; once saturated, the rate slows due to mass transfer, yet their remediation rates are up to 30 × higher than iron filings or powder on a molar basis, achieving 4.8 × greater Cr(VI) reduction over two months and indicating suitability for in‑situ remediation.

Abstract

Borohydride reduction of an aqueous iron salt in the presence of a support material gives supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles that are 10−30 nm in diameter. The material is stable in air once it has dried and contains 22.6% iron by weight. The supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles ("Ferragels") rapidly separate and immobilize Cr(VI) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution, reducing the chromium to Cr(III) and the Pb to Pb(0) while oxidizing the Fe to goethite (α-FeOOH). The kinetics of the reduction reactions are complex and include an adsorption phase. About 10% of the iron in the material appears to be located at active surface sites. Once these sites have been saturated, the reduction process continues but at a much lower rate, which is likely limited by mass transfer. Rates of remediation of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) are up to 30 times higher for Ferragels than for iron filings or iron powder on a (Fe) molar basis. Over 2 months, reduction of Cr(VI) was 4.8 times greater for Ferragels than for an equal weight of commercial iron filings (21 times greater on the basis of moles of iron present). The higher rates of reaction, and greater number of moles of contaminant reduced overall, suggest that Ferragels may be a suitable material for in situ remediation.