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Motivational properties of opioids: evidence that an activation of σ-receptors mediates reinforcement processes

Opioid EpidemicMotivational PropertiesBehavioral SciencesBehavioral Neuroscienceσ-Receptors MediatesBehavioural PharmacologyBehavioral PharmacologyMotivationOpioid ToleranceNeuropharmacologySocial SciencesReward SystemMedicinePsychologyOpioid Use Disorder