Retinal Origin of Electrically Evoked Potentials in Response to Transcorneal Alternating Current Stimulation in the Rat

Abstract

Transorbital electrically evoked responses in the visual pathway, irrespective of reference electrode placement, are initiated by activation of the retina and not by passive conductance and direct activation of neurons in other visual structures. Thus, placement of stimulating electrodes exclusively around the eyeball may be sufficient to achieve therapeutic effects.