Functional characterization of limb muscles involved in locomotion in the Canada goose, <i>Branta canadensis</i>

Abstract

The musculature of the Canada goose, Branta canadensis, was examined anatomically, physiologically, and behaviorally to determine which muscles best define the normal locomotor cycles for flying and walking. Muscle selection was based on a muscle outlining a distinct phase of normal locomotion, as well as being readily accessible for percutaneous implantation of electromyographic recording electrodes. In the hindlimb, the iliotibialis cranialis (ITC) and flexor cruris lateralis (FCL) are superficial muscles which clearly define the swing and stance phases, respectively, during walking. Similarly, the deltoideus major and pectoralis muscles clearly delineate the elevator and depressor movements of the wings. A compendium of synonymous muscle names is included to reduce the confusion surrounding avian nomenclature.