An array of qualitative data analysis tools: A call for data analysis triangulation.

TLDR

Qualitative research hinges on data analysis as a critical step. The article aims to explain multiple qualitative analysis techniques and promote data analysis triangulation to deepen understanding of phenomena in school psychology and other fields. The authors describe seven qualitative analysis tools, provide guidance on when to use each, and include flowcharts, tables, and discussion of computer‑assisted software. Using real data, the authors illustrate the distinctions among the tools, showing that applying these analyses promotes rigor in qualitative research.

Abstract

One of the most important steps in the qualitative research process is analysis of data. The purpose of this article is to provide elements for understanding multiple types of qualitative data analysis techniques available and the importance of utilizing more than one type of analysis, thus utilizing data analysis triangulation, in order to understand phenomenon more fully for school psychology research and beyond. The authors describe seven qualitative analysis tools: methods of constant comparison, keywords-in-context, word count, classical content analysis, domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, and componential analysis. Then, the authors outline when to use each type of analysis. In so doing, the authors use real qualitative data to help distinguish the various types of analyses. Furthermore, flowcharts and tables are provided to help delineate when to choose each type of analysis. Finally, the role of computer-assisted software in the qualitative data-analytic process is discussed. As such, use of the analyses outlined in this article should help to promote rigor in qualitative research.