Halothane, Isoflurane, and Fentanyl Increase the Minimally Effective Defibrillation Threshold of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator: First Report in Humans

Abstract

Halothane, isoflurane, and IV fentanyl added to N(2)O/oxygen-based general anesthesia similarly increase minimal defibrillation threshold energy requirements (DFT) during cardioverter defibrillator implantation in humans. Subcutaneous lidocaine plus intermittent small-dose IV propofol minimizes DFT compared with these general anesthetics while providing equal patient satisfaction.