Validity and Interpretation of Amsler Grid Reports

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To compare the reports of scotomas and metamorphosia in standard and threshold Amsler grid testing with the location and extent of scotomas in the macular region as determined by standard and threshold fundus perimetry. DESIGN: Fundus perimetry determined the existence, size, and retinal location of macular scotomas. Amsler grid testing was performed with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope and the TA-300 system (Stereo Optical, Chicago, Ill). All testing was done at both standard and threshold light conditions. PATIENTS: Fifty-five patients with vision loss in the macular region and 10 normally sighted subjects. RESULTS: Nearly half of the standard and threshold scotomas were not detected by Amsler grid testing. For scotomas of 6 degrees or less in diameter, 77% of standard and 87% of threshold scotomas were not detected by Amsler grid testing. Of the eyes with central scotomas involving the fovea, 66% used an eccentric preferred retinal locus for fixating the center of the grid. Finally, more than half of the distortion reported in Amsler grids was at the retinal area that corresponded to the scotoma area, not a nonscotoma retinal area. CONCLUSION: Amsler grid reports have poor validity and cannot be accurately interpreted for use in the clinical diagnosis of retinal defects.