Solid-Phase Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Highly Substituted Hydroxyproline-Based 2,5-Diketopiperazines

Abstract

Two general solid-phase methods for the synthesis of a new class of 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs) containing the trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline amino acid residue (Hyp) have been developed. An N-protected hydroxyproline methyl ester was linked through the hydroxyl function to the Ellman resin. The synthesis procedures were conceived to enable a sequence of Hyp alkylation, Hyp N-acylation, cyclization, and amide bond alkylation. Up to three different centers of molecular diversity were introduced around the DKP scaffold. Highly functionalized bicyclic compounds were obtained in good yield and purity. The alkylation of hydroxyproline alpha CH was performed without control of the diastereoselectivity. During the final alkylation of the backbone, amide bond epimerization at the alpha-carbon atoms of the two amino acid residues was observed. The structures of representative DKPs were elucidated with multidimensional NMR experiments. The described reaction pathways can be applied to the identification of heterocyclic molecule inhibitors to diverse enzyme targets.