Xanthine oxidase-derived extracellular superoxide anions stimulate activator protein 1 activity and hypertrophy in human vascular smooth muscle via c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases

Abstract

X/XO exhibits hypertrophic properties for human vascular smooth muscle, which are mediated by redox-sensitive pathways involving MAPK activation. XO can therefore participate in the maladaptive vascular remodeling observed in chronic cardiovascular diseases exhibiting elevated vascular XO activity.