Efficient Generalized Integer Transform for Reversible Watermarking

Abstract

In this letter, an efficient integer transform based reversible watermarking is proposed. We first show that Tian's difference expansion (DE) technique can be reformulated as an integer transform. Then, a generalized integer transform and a payload-dependent location map are constructed to extend the DE technique to the pixel blocks of arbitrary length. Meanwhile, the distortion can be controlled by preferentially selecting embeddable blocks that introduce less distortion. Finally, the superiority of the proposed method is experimental verified by comparing with other existing schemes.