Regioselective Oxidative Arylation of Indoles Bearing <i>N-</i>Alkyl Protecting Groups: Dual C−H Functionalization via a Concerted Metalation−Deprotonation Mechanism

Abstract

The most direct method for synthesizing 2-arylindoles is oxidative coupling of an arene with an indole. We have shown that both the activity and regioselectivity of this cross-coupling reaction are correlated with the acidity of the medium. This insight has been applied to predict the best conditions for the oxidative cross-coupling of N-alkylindoles, an important class of substrates that has heretofore been incompatible with the harsh conditions required for oxidative cross-coupling. Both experimental and computational data indicate that the mechanism for C-H palladation of both the indoles and simple arenes is best described as concerted metalation-deprotonation, regardless of the substitution on the arene.