Assessing the cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics

TLDR

Pharmacogenomics can improve drug effectiveness, reduce side effects, and offer cost‑effective care, but the disease‑drug‑test combinations that yield clinically useful and economically feasible interventions remain unclear. The study develops a framework to evaluate the cost‑effectiveness of pharmacogenomic strategies, guiding researchers, trial design, and reimbursement decisions. The authors reviewed cost‑effectiveness concepts and identified five key characteristics—severe avoided consequences, difficult monitoring, strong genotype‑phenotype link, rapid inexpensive testing, and common variant—that enhance cost‑effectiveness, and applied the framework to several pharmacogenomic examples. Pharmacogenomics has great potential to improve patient health cost‑effectively, yet it will not apply to all marketed drugs, requiring careful case‑by‑case evaluation before investing in research and reimbursement.

Abstract

The use of pharmacogenomics to individualize drug therapy offers the potential to improve drug effectiveness, reduce adverse side effects, and provide cost-effective pharmaceutical care. However, the combinations of disease, drug, and genetic test characteristics that will provide clinically useful and economically feasible therapeutic interventions have not been clearly elucidated. The purpose of this paper was to develop a framework for evaluating the potential cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomic strategies that will help scientists better understand the strategic implications of their research assist in the design of clinical trials, and provide a guide for health care providers making reimbursement decisions. We reviewed concepts of cost-effectiveness analysis and pharmacogenomics and identified 5 primary characteristics that will enhance the cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics: 1) there are severe clinical or economic consequence that are avoided through the use of pharmacogenomics, 2) monitoring drug response using current methods is difficult, 3) a well-established association between genotype and clinical phenotype exists, 4) there is a rapid and relatively inexpensive genetic test, and 5) the variant gene is relatively common. We use this framework to evaluate several examples of pharmacogenomics. We found that pharmacogenomics offers great potential to improve patients' health in a cost-effective manner. However, pharmacogenomics will not be applied to all currently marketed drugs, and careful evaluations are needed on a case-by-case basis before investing resources in research and development of pharmacogenomic-based therapeutics and making reimbursement decisions.