Ionic polymer–metal composites: III. Modeling and simulation as biomimetic sensors, actuators, transducers, and artificial muscles

Abstract

This paper, the third in a series of four review papers to appear in this journal, presents a number of descriptions of various modeling and simulation techniques and, briefly, the associated experimental results in connection with ionic polymer–metal composites and, in general, ionic polymer–conductor composites, as soft biomimetic distributed sensors, actuators, transducers, and artificial muscles.