Mechanosensitivity of dorsal root ganglia and chronically injured axons: A physiological basis for the radicular pain of nerve root compression

TLDR

Radicular pain in sciatica has traditionally been attributed to spinal root compression causing prolonged firing in sensory fibers, but this idea is challenged by the lack of pain in acute peripheral nerve compression and the possibility that pain is referred via deep spinal nociceptors. Experiments on cat lumbar dorsal roots and rabbit sural nerves showed that acute compression alone does not elicit prolonged firing, whereas minimal compression of normal dorsal root ganglia or chronically injured nerves produces 5–25 min of repetitive firing, leading the authors to conclude that radicular pain arises from activity in the affected sensory fibers.

Abstract

The radicular pain of sciatica was ascribed by Mixter and Barr to compression of the spinal root by a herniated intervertebral disc. It was assumed that root compression produced prolonged firing in the injured sensory fibers and led to pain perceived in the peripheral distribution of those fibers. This concept has been challenged on the basis that acute peripheral nerve compression neuropathies are usually painless. Furthermore, animal experiments have rarely shown more than several seconds of repetitive firing in acutely compressed nerves or nerve roots. It has been suggested that "radicular pain" is actually pain referred to the extremity through activation of deep spinal and paraspinal nociceptors. Our experiments on cat lumbar dorsal roots and rabbit sural nerves have confirmed that acute compression of the root or nerve does not produce more than several seconds of repetitive firing. However, long periods of repetitive firing (5–25 min) follow minimal acute compression of the normal dorsal root ganglion. Chronic injury of dorsal roots or sural nerve produces a marked increase in mechanical sensitivity; several minutes of repetitive firing may follow acute compression of such chronically injured sites. Such prolonged responses could be evoked repeatedly in a population of both rapidly and slowly conducting fibers. Since mechanical compression of either the dorsal root ganglion or of chronically injured roots can induce prolonged repetitive firing in sensory axons, we conclude that radicular pain is due to activity in the fibers appropriate to the area of perceived pain.