Permanent visual loss and cerebrovascular accidents in giant cell arteritis: Predictors and response to treatment

Abstract

In GCA, the risk of permanent VL is increased in patients with transient VL and/or jaw claudication, and decreased in those with elevated liver enzyme levels and/or constitutional syndrome. Partial therapeutic success is more probable if treatment is started within the first day of VL. CVA is more likely in patients with permanent VL and/or jaw claudication, often developing despite appropriate corticosteroid therapy.