Picosecond-pulse-induced two-photon fluorescence enhancement in biological material by application of grating waveguide structures

Abstract

We report enhancement of two-photon fluorescence (TPF) excitation in fluorescent dyes and fluorescently labeled biomolecules by exploiting the optical properties of double grating waveguide structures (DGWSs). Picosecond laser pulses generate a large evanescent field based on the guided mode phenomenon in the resonant DGWSs, which induces strong TPF signals from fluorescent dyes at the waveguide surface. By recording enhanced TPF signals of Rhodamine B and Lucifer Yellow under resonance conditions, a detection sensitivity of concentrations of approximately one dye molecule per 0.1 microm2 was achieved. For the first time to our knowledge, enhanced TPF signals of a Lucifer Yellow-labeled biomolecule (human self-peptide) in an aqueous environment are demonstrated. These results strongly encourage the use of DGWSs as enhancement platforms in modern biophysics and biotechnology for investigations of biological membranes and cells.