Unexpected Electrophoretic Migration of RNA with Different 3‘ Termini Causes a RNA Sizing Ambiguity That Can Be Resolved Using Nuclease P1-Generated Sequencing Ladders

Abstract

It has been widely believed that the electrophoretic migration difference of otherwise identical RNAs with a P versus OH terminus would be the same as occurs for DNA, a fairly reproducible approximately 1/2 nucleotide (nt) offset. RNA with a 5'-OH indeed migrates </=1 nt slower than if it had a 5'-P. Surprisingly, however, RNA with a 3'-OH terminus (generated by many cellular RNases of interest) migrates anywhere from approximately 1/4 to approximately 2 nts slower than the otherwise identical molecule with a 3'-P or 2', 3'-cyclic-P terminus (as present on standard RNase-generated sequencing ladders). This previously unrecognized variability in electrophoretic migration offset causes a 1-2 nt ambiguity in a commonly used method of RNA size determination. We also show two ways to overcome this problem and enable rigorous sizing of 3'-OH terminating RNAs. Most convenient is to use sequencing standards generated by nuclease P1, which is generally sequence-nonspecific but we show becomes G-specific or A-preferential under certain reaction conditions.