Cryptococcal Infection Following Steroid Therapy

Abstract

Case Reports1 January 1962Cryptococcal Infection Following Steroid TherapyELLIOT GOLDSTEIN, M.D., OSCAR N. RAMBO, M.D.ELLIOT GOLDSTEIN, M.D., OSCAR N. RAMBO, M.D.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-56-1-114 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe development of infection secondary to prolonged steroid therapy is now recognized by many physicians. Although most of these infections are bacterial, fungal diseases have also been implicated. Literature on the subject reports increased susceptibility toAspergillus fumigatus(1, 2)Candida albicans(1, 2), andHistoplasma capsulatum(3, 4). Recently we observed a case of cryptococcosis in a patient who had been given long-term steroid therapy. Since we were unable to find previous studies of this complication, we reviewed the literature in English published between 1950 and 1960 to see if an association between steroid therapy and cryptococcal infection could...References1. ZIMMERMAN LE: Fatal fungus infections complicating other diseases. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 25: 46, 1955. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. LEVYCOHEN ESDB: Systemic moniliasis and aspergillosis complicating corticotrophin therapy. Arch. Intern. Med. 95: 118, 1955. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3. FOX H: Exfoliative dermatitis complicated by fatal acute disseminated histoplasmosis. Arch. Derm. 68: 734, 1953. Google Scholar4. SMITHCLEVE FPEA: Infections complicating cortisone therapy. New Engl. J. Med. 256: 104, 1957. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. ROBINSONSMITH HJAL: The effect of adrenal cortical hormones on experimental infection. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 56: 757, 1952. CrossrefGoogle Scholar6. KILBOURNE ED: The influence of cortisone on experimental virus infection. J. Immun. 74: 57, 1955. MedlineGoogle Scholar7. THOMAS L: Cortisone and infection. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 56: 799, 1952. CrossrefGoogle Scholar8. SYVERTONWERDERFRIEDMANROTHGRAHAMMIRA JTAAJFJABOJ: Cortisone and roentgen radiation in combination as synergistic agents for production of lethal infections. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 80: 123, 1952. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. KÖNIGSBAUER H: Über die Wirkung von Corton auf die experimentelle Torulose und Chromoblastomykose. Zbl. Bakt. 160: 637, 1953. Google Scholar10. LEVINEZIMMERMANSCORZA SHMA: Experimental cryptococcosis (torulosis). Amer. J. Path. 33: 385, 1957. MedlineGoogle Scholar11. ZIMMERMANRAPPAPORT LEH: Occurrence of cryptococcosis in patients with malignant diesase of reticuloendothelial system. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 24: 1050, 1954. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. BAKERHAUGEN RDRK: Tissue changes and tissue diagnosis in cryptococcosis (a study of 26 cases). Amer. J. Clin. Path. 25: 14, 1955. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13. HAUGENBAKER RKRD: The pulmonary lesions in cryptococcosis with special reference to subpleural nodules. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 24: 1381, 1954. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14. LINDENSTEFFEN IHCG: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Amer. Rev. Tuber. 69: 116, 1954. MedlineGoogle Scholar15. PLUMMERSYMMERS.WINNER NSWSHI: Sarcoidosis in identical twins with torulosis as a complication in one case. Brit. Med. J. 2: 599, 1957. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. HELLERMCLEANCAMPBELLJONES SRACGIH: A case of coexistent non-meningitic cryptococcosis and Boeck's sarcoid. Amer. J. Med. 22: 986, 1957. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. BOSHESSHERMANHESSERMILZERMACLEAN LDICCJAH: Fungus infections of the central nervous system. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 75: 175, 1956. CrossrefGoogle Scholar18. MOORE M: Cryptococcosis with cutaneous manifestations. J. Invest. Derm. 28: 159, 1957. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19. MCCULLOUGHLOURIAHILBISHTHOMASEMMONS NBDBTFLBC: Cryptococcosis: clinical staff conference at the National Institutes of Health. Ann. Intern. Med. 49: 642, 1958. LinkGoogle Scholar20. LEPOWRUBENSTEINCHUSHANDRA HLFJ: A case of cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis complicating Boeck's sarcoid. Pediatrics 19: 377, 1957. MedlineGoogle Scholar21. WALZHASENCLEVERMCKEE DVHFAP: A dual human infection with Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 26: 794, 1956. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar22. WOODSMANNINGPATTERSON JWIHCN: Monilial infections complicating the therapeutic use of antibiotics. J.A.M.A. 145: 207, 1951. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar23. TORACK RM: Fungus infections associated with antibiotic and steroid therapy. Amer. J. Med. 22: 872, 1957. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar24. LOHBAKER WEE: Fecal flora in man after oral administration of chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline. Arch. Intern. Med. 95: 74, 1955. CrossrefGoogle Scholar25. SCHABERGHILDESWILT AJAJC: Disseminated candidiasis. Arch. Intern. Med. 95: 112, 1955. CrossrefGoogle Scholar26. SPIVAKNADELEISENBERG APJAGM: Cryptococcus renal infection: report of a case. Ann. Intern. Med. 47: 990, 1957. LinkGoogle Scholar27. Calkins ECases from the medical grand rounds, Massachusetts General Hospital, case 234, ed. by Amer. Practit. 4: 56, 1953. Google Scholar28. LAUZÉ S: Infection à torula chez un individu traité aux antibiotiques et a la cortisone. Union Méd. Canad. 81: 935, 1952. MedlineGoogle Scholar29. KALSBEEKPLANTEYDT FHT: Cryptococcosis tjidens behandeling met cortison en breed-spectrum antibiotica. Geneesk. Gids. 36: 150, 1958. MedlineGoogle Scholar30. GANTZNUETZELKELLER JAJALB: Cryptococcal meningitis treated with amphotericin B. Arch. Intern. Med. 102: 795, 1958. CrossrefGoogle Scholar31. SCOTT M: Torula histolytica: a case history. Canad. J. Med. Techn. 15: 152, 1953. MedlineGoogle Scholar32. RISINGDELP JDM: Clinicopathologic conference. Headache, transitory hemiplegia, confusion and coma. J. Kansas Med. Soc. 60: 226, 1959. Google Scholar33. RUBINFURCOLOW HML: Promising results in cryptococcal meningitis. Neurology 8: 590, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar34. GOWING NF: Observations on a case of torulosis associated with Hodgkin's disease. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 51: 494, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar35. BURROWSBARCLAY BWR: Combined cryptococcal and tuberculous meningitis complicating reticulum cell sarcoma. Amer. Rev. Tuber. 78: 760, 1958. MedlineGoogle Scholar36. GENDELENDENORMAL BRMSL: Cryptococcosis—a review with special reference to apparent association with Hodgkin's disease. Amer. J. Med. 9: 343, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar37. GOODMAN HL: Cryptococcosis associated with Hodgkin's disease. New York J. Med. 56: 1493, 1956. MedlineGoogle Scholar38. BIDDLEKOENIG AH: An agent effective against cryptococcosis of the central nervous system. Arch. Intern. Med. 102: 801, 1958. CrossrefGoogle Scholar39. LEVENEMICHAELS ML: Acute disseminated torulosis associated with Hodgkin's disease. J. Clin. Path. 8: 201, 1955. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar40. RING ED: Torulosis. Treatment Services Bull. 7: 375, 1952. MedlineGoogle Scholar41. GEANEYHORSFALLNEILSON BWRG: Torulosis in Queensland: report of fourteen cases. Med. J. Aust. 2: 378, 1956. CrossrefGoogle Scholar42. MARTINNICHOLSSVIENULRICH WJDRHJJA: Cryptococcosis. Arch. Intern. Med. 104: 20, 1959. CrossrefGoogle Scholar43. LEITHOLDREADERBAKER SLPSLA: Cryptococcal infection treated with 2-hydroxystilbamidine in a patient with Boeck's sarcoid. Arch. Intern. Med. 99: 736, 1957. CrossrefGoogle Scholar44. NICHOLSMARTIN DRWJ: Cryptococcosis: clinical features and differential diagnosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 43: 767, 1955. LinkGoogle Scholar45. APPELBAUMSHTOKALKO ES: Cryptococcus meningitis arrested with amphotericin B. Ann. Intern. Med. 47: 346, 1957. LinkGoogle Scholar46. BOWMANRITCHEY HEJO: Cryptococcosis (torulosis) involving the brain, adrenal and prostate. J. Urol. 71: 373, 1954. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar47. HALPERTWHITCOMBMCROBERTCARTON BFCCCCM: Systemic and central nervous system involvement in cryptococcosis and coccidioidomycosis. Southern Med. J. 47: 633, 1954. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar48. CORPEPARR RFLH: Pulmonary torulosis complicating pulmonary tuberculosis treated by resection. J. Thor. Cardiov. Surg. 27: 392, 1954. Google Scholar49. MARKHAMALCOTTMANSON JWDLRM: Cerebral granuloma caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Neurosurg. 15: 562, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar50. TAUBENHAUSJULIANSCHLICHTERLITTMAN MOCJM: Unusual etiologies of portal system hypertension (torulosis phlebosclerosis and retroperitoneal chronic inflammation). Ann. Intern. Med. 40: 313, 1954. LinkGoogle Scholar51. MARSHALL TM: Torular meningo-encephalitis. J. Kentucky Med. Ass. 50: 292, 1952. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: ELLIOT GOLDSTEIN, M.D.; OSCAR N. RAMBO, M.D.Affiliations: San Francisco, CaliforniaFrom the Department of Pathology, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California.Requests for reprints should be addressed to Oscar N. Rambo, M.D., University of California Medical School, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco 22, California. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byCryptococcosis and cryptococcal meningitis: New predictors and clinical outcomes at a United States academic medical centreRisk Factors for Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Single United States Center ExperienceColliding Epidemics and the Rise of CryptococcosisOpportunistic MycosesSTAT1 Signaling within Macrophages Is Required for Antifungal Activity against Cryptococcus neoformansSTAT1 Signaling Is Essential for Protection against Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in MiceEpidemiologyHuman CryptococcosisPulmonary Innate and Adaptive Defenses against CryptococcusIdentification and characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans protein fractions that induce protective immune responsesCryptococcus neoformans galactoxylomannan is a potent negative immunomodulator, inspiring new approaches in anti-inflammatory immunotherapyProtective Immunity against Experimental Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in T Cell-Depleted MicePneumocystis and Other Less Common Fungal InfectionsA proteomic-based approach for the identification of immunodominant Cryptococcus neoformans proteinsCryptococcosis in liver and kidney transplant recipients receiving anti-thymocyte globulin or alemtuzumabGlucuronoxylomannan exhibits potent immunosuppressive propertiesNecrotising cryptococcal vasculitis in an HIV-negative womanPneumocystis and Other Less Common Fungal InfectionsEvaluation of host immune responses to pulmonary cryptococcosis using a temperature-sensitive C. neoformans calcineurin A mutant strainCryptococcosisEndogenous cryptococcal endophthalmitisCryptococcal meningitis with malariaPulmonary CryptococcosisCryptococcal epididymo-orchitis complicating steroid therapy for relapsing polychondritisCryptococcal meningitis in a child with systemic lupus erythematosusCryptococcosisCryptococcal Peritonitis in Patients on Peritoneal DialysisLocalized cutaneous cryptococcosis successfully treated with ketoconazolePrimary cutaneous cryptococcosisEffects of antineoplastic agents on growth, morphology and metabolism of Torulopsis glabrataLungenmykosenDisseminated Cryptococcosis with Ocular InvolvementAnti-Inflammatory Steroids: Mode of Action in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Homograft ReactionOpportunistic Invasive Fungal Infections in Patients with Leukaemia and LymphomaCryptococcal meningitis in steroid-treated systemic lupus erythematosusCryptococcosis and pregnancyPulmonary Cryptococcosis–A Case Diagnosticaliy Confirmed by Transbronchial Brush BiopsyCryptococcosisCryptococcosisCryptococcal meningitis associated with steroid therapyCryptococcosis of the central nervous system: Epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic featuresAdrenal glucocorticoids after twenty yearsCryptococcosisAmphotericin B in Cryptococcal Meningitis Long-Term Results of TreatmentGEORGE A. SAROSI, M.D., JAMES D. PARKER, M.D., IRENE L. DOTO, M.A., FRED E. TOSH, M.D.Cryptococcal (torular) retinitisCryptococcosis: Current statusCRYPTOCOCCOSIS IN SWEDENDeep-Seated Mycotic Infections, Allergy to Fungi and MycotoxinsTwo cases of cryptococcosisFungal infections complicating acute leukemiaCRYPTOCOCCOSIS (TORULOSIS) : SOME PROBLEMS IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENTIncreased Susceptibility to Cryptococcosis following Steroid TherapyPRIMARY PULMONARY CRYPTOCOCCOSISUnusual Fatal Infectious Complications of Steroid-Treated Liver DiseaseOccurrence of Gryptococcus Neoformans in Sweden 1 January 1962Volume 56, Issue 1Page: 114-120KeywordsArthritisAspergillus fumigatusBacterial diseasesCandida albicansCryptococcosisFungal diseasesHistoplasma capsulatumInfectious diseasesSteroid therapy ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 January 1962 PDF downloadLoading ...