Prospective Study of Asymptomatic Valvular Aortic Stenosis

TLDR

Limited data exist on hemodynamic progression and outcome predictors in asymptomatic aortic stenosis. The authors prospectively followed 123 asymptomatic AS patients, collecting annual clinical, echocardiographic, and exercise data over a mean 2.5‑year period. Aortic jet velocity rose ~0.3 m/s per year, mean gradient ~7 mm Hg per year, and valve area fell ~0.12 cm² per year, with 1‑, 3‑, and 5‑year event‑free survival of 93 %, 62 %, and 26 %; baseline jet velocity, its rate of change, and functional status were independent predictors, and patients with entry jet velocity >4.0 m/s had only a 21 % chance of remaining alive without valve replacement at 2 years.

Abstract

Only limited data on the rate of hemodynamic progression and predictors of outcome in asymptomatic patients with valvular aortic stenosis (AS) are available.In 123 adults (mean age, 63 +/- 16 years) with asymptomatic AS, annual clinical, echocardiographic, and exercise data were obtained prospectively (mean follow-up of 2.5 +/- 1.4 years). Aortic jet velocity increased by 0.32 +/- 0.34 m/s per year and mean gradient by 7 +/- 7 mm Hg per year; valve area decreased by 0.12 +/- 0.19 cm2 per year. Kaplan-Meier event-free survival, with end points defined as death (n = 8) or aortic valve surgery (n = 48), was 93 +/- 5% at 1 year, 62 +/- 8% at 3 years, and 26 +/- 10% at 5 years. Univariate predictors of outcome included baseline jet velocity, mean gradient, valve area, and the rate of increase in jet velocity (all P < or = .001) but not age, sex, or cause of AS. Those with an end point had a smaller exercise increase in valve area, blood pressure, and cardiac output and a greater exercise decrease in stroke volume. Multivariate predictors of outcome were jet velocity at baseline (P < .0001), the rate of change in jet velocity (P < .0001), and functional status score (P = .002). The likelihood of remaining alive without valve replacement at 2 years was only 21 +/- 18% for a jet velocity at entry > 4.0 m/s, compared with 66 +/- 13% for a velocity of 3.0 to 4.0 m/s and 84 +/- 16% for a jet velocity < 3.0 m/s (P < .0001).In adults with asymptomatic AS, the rate of hemodynamic progression and clinical outcome are predicted by jet velocity, the rate of change in jet velocity, and functional status.